ASM Handbook, Volume 21: Composites provides a comprehensive, practical, and reliable source of technical knowledge, engineering data and supporting information for composite materials. This handbook is intended to be a resource volume for non-specialists who are interested in gaining a practical working knowledge of the capabilities and applications of composite materials. Thus, coverage emphasizes well-qualified and useful information for materials that can be produced in quantities and product forms of engineering significance.
The full range of information of importance to the practical technologist is provided in this volume, including forms and properties of constituent materials, mechanics and design, processing, post-processing and assembly, testing and analysis, quality control, testing and certification, properties and performance, maintenance and repair, failure analysis, recycling and disposal, and applications. Coverage is provided of all commercially significant types of composites, including polymer- and other organic-matrix composites (OMCs), metal-matrix composites (MMCs), and ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs). Coverage is provided in a balanced fashion that is proportional to the maturity and use of each material class.
More than 300 international experts from industry, academia, and military research facilities contributed as authors and reviewers to this handbook.
Contents
INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITES
Introduction to Composites
CONSTITUENT MATERIALS
Introduction to Reinforcing Fibers
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fibers
Aramid Fibers
Ceramic Fibers
Discontinuous Reinforcements for Metal-Matrix Composites
Continuous Fiber Reinforcements for Metal-Matrix Composites
Fabrics and Preforms
Braiding
Epoxy Resins
Polyester Resins
Bismaleimide Resins
Polyimide Resins
Phenolic Resins
Cyanate Ester Resins
Thermoplastic Resins
Molding Compounds
Metallic Matrices
Ceramic Matrices
Carbon Matrices
Interfaces and Interphases
Lightweight Structural Cores
Bio-Based Resins and Natural Fibers
ENGINEERING MECHANICS, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
Micromechanics
Macromechanics Analysis of Laminate Properties
Characterizing Strength from a Structural Design Perspective
Fracture Mechanics of Composite Delamination
Hygrothermal Behavior
Fatigue and Life Prediction
Damping Properties
Bolted and Bonded Joints
Instability Considerations
Damage Tolerance
Out-of-Plane Analysis
Analysis of Sandwich Structures
Finite Element Analysis
Computer Programs
Testing and Analysis Correlation
Design Criteria
Design Allowables
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing
Design, Tooling, and Manufacturing Interaction
Cost Analysis
Rapid Prototyping
Design Guidelines
Engineering Mechanics and Analysis of Metal-Matrix Composites
Fracture Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Process Modeling
Composite Tooling
Electroformed Nickel Tooling
Elastomeric Tooling
Open Molding: Hand Lay-Up and Spray-Up
Custom Sailing Yacht Design and Manufacture
Prepreg and Ply Cutting
Manual Prepreg Lay-Up
Fiber Placement
Automated Tape Laying
Curing
Resin Transfer Molding and Structural Reaction Injection Molding
Vacuum Infusion
Compression Molding
Filament Winding
Pultrusion
Tube Rolling
Thermoplastic Composites Manufacturing
Processing of Metal-Matrix Composites
Processing of Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Processing of Carbon-Carbon Composites
POST-PROCESSING AND ASSEMBLY
Machining, Trimming, and Routing of Polymer-Matrix Composites
Secondary Adhesive Bonding of Polymer-Matrix Composites
Processing and Joining of Thermoplastic Composites
Hole Drilling in Polymer-Matrix Composites
Mechanical Fastener Selection
Environmental Protection and Sealing
Extrusion of Particle-Reinforced Aluminum Composites
Post-Processing and Assembly of Ceramic-Matrix Composites
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Resin Properties Analysis
Tooling and Assembly Quality Control
Reinforcing Material Lay-Up Quality Control
Cure Monitoring and Control
Nondestructive Testing
Quality Assurance of Metal-Matrix Composites
TESTING AND CERTIFICATION
Overview of Testing and Certification
Test Program Planning
Constituent Materials Testing
Lamina and Laminate Nonmechanical Testing
Lamina and Laminate Mechanical Testing
Element and Subcomponent Testing
Full-Scale Structural Testing
PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE
Properties and Performance of Polymer-Matrix Composites
Properties of Metal-Matrix Composites
Properties and Performance of Ceramic-Matrix and Carbon-Carbon Composites
PRODUCT RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY, AND REPAIR
Introduction to Product Reliability, Maintainability, and Repair
Designing for Repairability
Repair Engineering and Design Considerations
Repair Applications, Quality Control, and Inspection
Ship Structure Repairs
Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
Maintainability Issues
Bonded Repair of Metal Structures Using Composites
Worldwide Repair Standardization
Product Reliability, In-Service Experience, and Lessons Learned
FAILURE ANALYSIS
Introduction to Failure Analysis
Failure Causes
Failure Analysis Procedures
Visual Analysis, Nondestructive Testing, and Destructive Testing
Microscopy
Thermal Analysis
Fractography
Case Histories
Fatigue Properties and Quantitative Fractography of Metal-Matrix Composites
Failure Analysis of Ceramic-Matrix Composites
RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL
Introduction to Recycling and Disposal of Composites
Recycling and Disposal of Polymer-Matrix Composites
Recycling and Disposal of Metal-Matrix Composites
APPLICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE
Introduction to Applications for Advanced Composites
Automotive Applications
Automotive Applications of Metal-Matrix Composites
Space Applications
Aeronautical Applications of Metal-Matrix Composites
High-Temperature Applications
Aircraft Applications
Applications of Carbon-Carbon Composites
Sports and Recreation Equipment Applications
Thermal Management and Electronic Packaging Applications
Marine Applications
Civil Infrastructure Applications
Applications of Ceramic-Matrix Composites
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Glossary of Terms: Composites
Abbreviations, Symbols, and Tradenames: Composites