This book is intended to help readers reduce the unwanted costs and ramifications of friction, wear, and erosion in tribosytems by recommending engineering materials that have proven to be successful in dealing with these issues. Recommendations on which tool materials work best, what are the most abrasion-resistant plastics, where should ceramics be used, and where do lubrication and coatings fit in are included. The purpose of the book is to offer engineering material suggestions that practicing material engineers have found to work in many applications based on more than 40 years of research and testing of tribomaterials.
The first few chapters review the fundamentals of friction and how to deal with friction in design. The following chapters describe types of erosion and wear and the tests that are used to screen candidate material. All the important engineering materials (steels, cast irons, copper alloys, stainless steels, plastics/elastomer, and ceramics) receive a chapter describing their tribological characteristics and results of lab testing on candidates for applications. Surface engineering to alter contact surfaces is addressed. The book ends with a chapter on the use of lubricants to reduce friction and wear and a chapter on biotribology that summarizes important concepts and studies dealing with friction and wear in biological systems. The last chapter discusses the methodology of selecting materials for use in tribosystems.
This book is purposely written in a conversational style making it accessible to anybody who has a friction, wear, erosion, or lubrication issue that needs to be addressed. There are questions at the end of each chapter for those who would like to teach an engineering course on tribomaterials. The book is also a source of another lab’s (Bud Labs) test results for review by tribology researchers.
Contents
Tribology, Tribosystems, and Related Terminology
Wear of Materials
Tribology
Tribomaterials
Terminology
The Mechanisms and Manifestations of Friction
Historical Development of Concept
Friction Laws
Types of Friction and Mechanisms
Friction is Energy Dissipation
Rolling Friction
Friction Produced by Fluids
Measuring Friction Forces
Effect of Speed Force and Environment on Friction
Lubricated Friction
Dealing with Friction in Design Engineering
Use of Coefficients of Friction
Determination of Friction Coefficients for Tribosystems
Rolling Friction
Lubricated Tribosystems
Metal-to-Metal Friction
Plastic-to-Metal and Plastic-to-Plastic Friction
Elastomer Friction
Friction of Ceramics
Friction Materials
Types of Wear and Erosion and Their Mechanisms
The Difference Between Wear and Erosion
Types of Erosion
Types of Wear
Tribocorrosion
Biotribology
Tribotesting
The Need for Tribotesting
Tribotesting Methodology
General Considerations
Erosion Testing
Adhesive Wear Testing
Abrasion Tests
Tribological Properties of Copper Alloys
Applications
Mechanical Properties
Physical Properties
Forms Available
Friction
Adhesive Wear
Abrasive Wear
Erosion
Tribological Properties of Cast Irons
Introduction
Metallurgy
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Chemical Properties
Important Grades for Tribological Applications
Friction
Adhesive Wear
Abrasion Resistance
Erosion
Tribological Properties of Steels
Introduction
Forms Available
Metallurgy
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Friction
Adhesive Wear
Abrasive Wear
Erosion
Cast Steels
Tribological Properties of Stainless Steels and Other Corrosion-Resisting Metals
Corrosion and Wear
Stainless Steels
Other Metals Used for Corrosive Service
Light Metals
Tribological Properties of Ceramics, Cermets, and Cemented Carbides
Introduction
Ceramics
Cermets
Cemented Carbides
Tribology of Plastics and Elastomers
Typical Uses
Plastics Properties
Plastics for Abrasive Wear Applications
Friction in Plastic Tribosystems
Plastics for Adhesive Wear Applications
Plastics for Erosion Applications
Polymer Composites
Rubbers and Elastomers
Material Modifications (Coatings, Treatments, etc.) for Tribological Applications
When to Use Materials Modifications
The Spectrum of Modifications
Modifications to Harden Surfaces
Material Modifications for Improved Lubrication
Treatments for Appearance
Treatments for Corrosion Resistance
Treatments for Abrasion Resistance
Friction
Adhesive Wear Treatments
Treatments of Erosion
Biotribology
Introduction
Dental Tribology
Orthopedics
Sensing and Perception
Personal Care Products
Medical Devices
Eyewear Materials
Biocompatibility
Skin
Tribology of Lubricants
Oils
Greases
Solid Lubricants
Metal Working Fluids
Traction Fluids
Lubrication Fundamentals
Lubricant Life
Selection of Materials for Tribosystems
The Role of Tribology in Selection
Copper Alloys
Cast Irons
Steels
Stainless Steels and Corrosion-Resisting Metals
Nickel Alloys
Titanium Alloys
Gold and Silver
Zinc
Tin
Aluminum Alloys
Ceramics, Cermets and Cemented Carbides
Plastics and Elastomers
Selection of Material Modifications
Lubricant Selection
Selection Methodology
Use of a Selection Matrix
Appendix