This book describes the basic principles of heat-treating technology in clear, concise, and practical terms for students, emerging professionals, production personnel, and manufacturing or design engineers. It is an excellent resource and introductory guide on the practical “whys and therefore” of heat treatment—including the tips and useful look-up information of a perennial reference book. With in-depth and comprehensive coverage, this book details many practical implications of heat treatment in terms of material and process selection and structure and property development, with insights on doing it right or more reliably.
Derived from the author’s decades of experience and familiarity with many of the publications and educational and programming products of ASM International, each chapter is amply illustrated with charts and supported by current or classic references for background or further reading. This thorough and practical coverage on the basic principles of heat treating will be a useful, attractive, and important addition to the bookshelf of anyone with an interest in heat treating.
Chapters detail the basic metallurgy of heat treatment and the microstructural effects of heat treat processes on the major types of steels and nonferrous alloys. Extensive coverage is given to the reliable, effective, and cost-conscious heat treatment of carbon and low-alloy steels. Tool steels and stainless steels are also covered, along with a chapter that outlines the basic principles in heat treating aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel alloys, magnesium alloys, and others.
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Structure of Metals and Alloys
Atomic Bonding and Crystal Structure
Space Lattices and Crystal Systems
Crystal Imperfections and Plastic Deformation
Point Defects
Line Defects
Surface or Planar Defects
Volume Defects
Crystalline Structure of Metals
Face-Centered Cubic System
Hexagonal Close-Packed System
Body-Centered Cubic System
Grains and Grain Boundaries
Diffusion
Heat Treatment and Diffusion
Solid Solutions
Substitutional Solid Solutions
Interstitial Solid Solutions
Solubility Limits
Equilibrium Phase Diagrams
Using Equilibrium Phase Diagrams
Lever Rule
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Steel Heat Treatment
Introduction
Constitution of Iron
Iron Phase Transformation
Phases of Heat-Treated Steel
The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram
Austenite
Ferrite
Pearlite and Bainite
Proeutectoid Ferrite and Cementite
Martensite
Tempered Martensite
Chapter 3 Transformation of Austenite and Quenching of Steel
Isothermal Transformation Diagrams
Effects of Alloying
Continuous Cooling Diagrams
Quenching of Steel
Mechanism of Quenching
Cooling Curves
Quenching Process Variables
Quenchants
Quenchant Agitation
Metallurgical Aspects of Quenching
Residual Stress and Distortion
Quench Cracking
Chapter 4 Hardness and Hardenability of Steels
Introduction
Jominy End-Quench Testing
Hardenability Correlation Curves
Jominy Equivalence Charts
Factors Affecting Hardenability
Effect of Alloys on Hardenability during Quenching
Effect of Alloys on the Tempering Response (After Hardening)
Effect of Carbon on Hardenability Data
Hardenability Limits and H-Steels
Chapter 5 Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Residual Element
Carbon Steels
Higher Manganese Carbon Steels
Boron-Treated Carbon Steels
H-Steels
Free-Machining Carbon Steels
Effects of Free-Machining Additives
Low-Alloy Steels
Low-Alloy Manganese Steels
Low-Alloy Molybdenum Steels
Low-Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steels
Low-Alloy Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels
Low-Alloy Nickel-Molybdenum Steels (46xx and 48xx Series)
Low-Alloy Chromium Steels
Low-Alloy Silicon-Manganese Steels
Mechanical Properties and Grain Size
Steel Deoxidation Practice and Grain Size
Chapter 6 Annealing of Metals and Normalizing Steel
Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth
Recovery
Recrystallization
Grain Growth
Subcritical Annealing of Steel
Time-Temperature Relations
Process Annealing
Critical-Range Annealing of Steel
Full Annealing of Steel
Isothermal Annealing
Annealing for Microstructure
Pearlite Formation
Spheroidizing
Graphitization
Solution or Quench Annealing
Decarburization and Scaling
Decarburization
Scaling
Prepared Atmospheres
Exothermic Gas
Dissociated Ammonia
Steam Atmospheres
Nitrogen with 0.5% Propylene Additive
Normalizing
Purpose of Normalizing
Normalizing Practice
Furnaces
Furnace Equipment for Normalizing
Induction Heating
Chapter 7 Hardening and Tempering of Steel
Austenitizing
Austenitizing by Induction Heating
Surface Protection of Parts
Hardening
Induction Hardening
Quenching Systems
Quenching Mediums
Other Quenching Techniques
Austempering
Martempering
Difficulties Associated with Hardening of Steel
Quench Cracking
Tempering
Metallurgical Changes Caused by Tempering
Stages of Tempering
Tempering Temperatures
Equipment for Tempering
Tempering in Air Furnaces
Tempering in Liquid Baths
Induction Tempering
Principle Tempering Variables
Effect of Steel Composition
Effect of Prior Microstructure
Tempering versus Stress Relief
Effect of Tempering on Dimensions
Effect of Cooling from Tempering Temperature
Embrittlement from Tempering
Blue Brittleness
Temper Embrittlement
500 °F Embrittlement
400 to 500 °C Embrittlement
Multiple Tempering
Elimination of Retained Austenite
Protective-Atmosphere Tempering
Exothermic Gas for Protection
Tempering in Molten Salt
Steam Treating and Tempering
Selective Tempering
Prompt Tempering
Selection of Tempering Temperature
Precipitation Hardening
Effect of Carbon
Effect of Other Elements
Advantages of Precipitation Hardening
Chapter 8 Heat Treatment of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Carbon Steel Classification for Heat Treating
Group I (0.08 to 0.25% C)
Group II (0.30 to 0.50% C)
Group III (0.55 to 0.95% C)
Tempering of Quenched Carbon Steels
Austempering of Steel
Quenching Mediums for Austempering
Carbon Steel Heat Treating Practices
1008 to 1019, 12xx, and 11xx Carbon Steels
1020 Recommended Practice
1035 Recommended Practice
1045, 1045H Recommended Practice
1050 Recommended Practice
1060 Recommended Practice
1070 Recommended Practice
1080 Recommended Practice
1095 Recommended Practice
1137 Recommended Practice
1141 Recommended Practice
1144 Recommended Practice
1151 Recommended Practice
1522 and 1522H Recommended Practice
15B41H Recommended Practice
1552 Recommended Practice
1566 Recommended Practice
Cast Carbon Steels
Low-Alloy Steels
H-Steels and Restricted Hardenability
Free-Machining Alloy Steels
Effects of Alloying and Hardenability
Low-Alloy Steel Heat Treating Practices
Effects of Tempering
4037and 4037H Recommended Practice
4140 and 4140H Recommended Practice
4340 and 4340H Recommended Practice
E52100 Recommended Practice
Austempering
Martempering (Marquenching)
Air-Hardening Steels
Case Hardening
Carburizing Steels
Carbonitriding Steels
Ferritic Nitrocarburizing
Nitriding Steels
Steels for Induction or Flame Hardening
Chapter 9 Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels
Composition of Stainless Steels
Classification of Stainless Steels
Ferritic Stainless Alloys
Austenitic Stainless Alloys
Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Alloys
Martensitic Stainless Alloys
Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Alloys
Heat Treat Processes
General Practices
Wrought Ferritic Stainless Steels
Annealing
Possible Heat Treating Problems
Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steels
Alloying
Sensitization
Intermediate Phases (σ, χ, and Laves)
Annealing
Bright Annealing
Stress Relieving of Austenitic Grades
Wrought Duplex Stainless Steels
Annealing of Duplex Stainless Steels
Wrought Martensitic Stainless Steels
Heat Treatment Preparations
Annealing
Hardening and Tempering
Wrought Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels
Martensitic PH Stainless Steels
Semiaustenitic Wrought PH Stainless Steels
Austenitic PH Stainless Steel
Special Considerations for Stainless Steel Castings
Ferritic, Austenitic, and Mixed Ferritic-Austenitic Casting Alloys
Martensitic Casting Alloys
Precipitation-Hardening Casting Alloys
Chapter 10 Heat Treatment of Tool Steels
Classification of Tool Steels
Powder Metallurgy (PM) and Proprietary Tool Steels
Principles and Processes of Tool Steel Heat Treating
Normalizing and Annealing
Normalizing
Annealing
Hardening and Tempering
Stress Relieving
Preheating
Austenitizing
Quenching
Tempering
Distortion
Other Factors Associated with Distortion
Unalloyed and Low-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels
Class W: Water-Hardening Steels
Class O—Oil-Hardening Cold-Worked Steels
Class L: Low-Alloy Special-Purpose Steels
Class S: Shock-Resisting Steels
Class F: Carbon-Tungsten Special-Purpose Steels
Medium and High–Alloy Cold Worked Tool Steels
Class A: Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening, Cold-Worked Steels
Class D: High-Carbon, High-Chromium, Cold-Worked Steels
Mold Steels
Class P: Plastic Mold Steels
Hot-Worked Steels
Class H: Hot Worked Steels
Hardening
High-Speed Tool Steels
Class M and T: High-Speed Tool Steels
Heat Treatment of High-Speed Tool Steels
18% Nickel Maraging Steels
Chapter 11 Heat Treatment of Cast Irons
General Considerations
Critical Temperature Range of Cast Irons
Temperature Control
Atmosphere Control
Stress Relief
Selecting Stress-Relief Temperatures
Other Stress-Relief Methods
Annealing
Normalizing
Through Hardening and Tempering
Austenitizing
Quenching
Tempering
Austempering
Surface Hardening of Cast Irons
Metallurgical Aspects
Applied Energy Surface Hardening
Nitriding of Cast Irons
Chapter 12 Heat Treatment of Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Alloys
Annealing of Cold-Worked Metals
Recovery
Recrystallization
Precipitation Hardening
Aluminum Alloys
Age Hardening Process
Cobalt Alloys
Copper Alloys
Precipitation-Hardening Copper Alloys
Spinodal-Hardening Copper Alloys
Order-Hardening Copper Alloys
Athermal (Martensitic-Type) Transformation Hardening of Copper Alloys
Magnesium Alloys
Nickel Alloys
Titanium Alloys
Other Nonferrous Alloys
Heat Treatable Silver Alloys
Heat Treatable Gold Alloys
Lead and Tin Alloys
Index